Archive for the ‘Shintoism’ Category

Ennokyo

Sunday, January 6th, 2013

Ennokyo is a Japanese Shintoist derived religion that was established by Fukata Chiyoko as receiving a special revelation from a kami as being its spokesman and instrument for the sake of the world. This Japanese new religion or shinshukyo is similar to other religious claims made by other enlightened individuals and organizations which make up a plethora of groups . These religious experiences are varied and numerous in Japan as there appears to be a hyper-spirituality of religion that prevails over the landscape of this country resulting in hundreds of different cults that are making spectacular claims to truth. Though it may be politically correct to state that all roads or paths lead to the same final destination this can’t be the case due to their exclusive and diverse claims as establishing their own view on reality regarding essential or ultimate truth. The dilemma is that anybody can make a religious claim based on whatever a person values as an expression of spirituality but the question comes down to which one is legitimately correct. Many people are participants in adhering to a religious view as to what is faddish or popular within the culture or perhaps it has some other form of personal appeal or satisfaction however truth is not dependent upon our own individual choices or whims but rather it rests outside of personal preference.

Anyway Fukata’s mission was to be a healer as well as being able to foresee the future in helping others to avert trouble. Again it seems to be a noble assignment but this does not necessarily prove that her motivation is altruistic nor does it demonstrate  the soundness of her mental or psychological condition as the claims of individuals can be a result of delusion in having thoughts of grandeur as living in fantasia in being centered on such narcissistic matters of self worship or importance. There are actually psychological  disorders or conditions in which people may be classified according to these criteria.  Moreover this kind of activity is not unique and is readily available through other common occultic practices such as the use of tarot cards and palm reading or the psychic activity of being able to foretell through horoscopes as well as playing the role of a spiritual medium. Furthermore if illness is caused by the demonic then it is likely that this spiritual entity can leave in the same way in which it came giving the illusion or appearance as being miraculously cured much like a person who goes to the local shaman for a treatment or it could even be something as simple as a placebo effect. When the evil spirit departs in this manner it is not due to the sovereign and opposing power of the individual as much as it is a cooperation with the demonic realm of which the practitioner is aligned with therefore either way, healed or not, it only serves to give credence and glory to these Satanic powers.

From a Christian world view this stands in contrast as counterfeiting biblical prophecy and divine healing as creating a distraction from the Supreme and True God just like the signs and wonders of Moses in comparison to the Egyptian magicians.

These are just some possibilities to consider when researching spiritual phenomena which may better explain the evidence as being more plausible than its alternative. Anyway the outcome of this faith healing movement dissolved over time as it proved to be a failure during World War 2 perhaps due to the overwhelming and devastating effects of the widespread damage which crippled Japanese society as realistically countering the euphoria of this group.

Nevertheless after the war this movement resurfaced and regrouped. Today they practice a spiritual therapy in the form of a shared dialogue called Shuho in which two individuals are committed to solving the problems of every day life. Lastly they use a scripture known as Enno kyoten which is a common practice among cults to have one or more authoritative texts in which they draw inspiration from as to justify their belief and practice.

Respectively you may be sincere or “Sei” about your practice but sincerely wrong. You can have a degree of love “Ai” and virtue “Zen” but if misdirected or misapplied can be neglectful to the chief object of affection namely the Supreme God of the Universe.

Finally according to the original intent or application of this vision I am skeptical that it has or ever will fulfill its mission to heal society. However this is a reality among Christians including myself who have experienced the healing power of God.

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/my-personal-testimony-with-jesus/

www.cbn.com/700club/features/Amazing/

How to know God

 

Lastly Jesus says:

Mt 11:28-30

28 Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.

 

 

How to have a relationship with God

How to know God

Other links

Ennokyo Resources

 

 

Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices/ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, editors; Todd M. Johnson, World Religious Statistics; Donald Wiebe, Introduction-2nd ed., Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.

Reiha no Hikari Kyokai Resources

Sunday, November 11th, 2012

Four Spiritual Laws

 

Jesus Film

 

New Testament/Bible

 

Audio Bible

Reiha no Hikari

Thursday, November 8th, 2012

Reiha no Hikari Kyokai known as the ‘Light of Divine Power’ or the ‘Society of the Light of Spiritual Wave’ is yet another Shintoist derivative religion which was established by Hase Yoshio and was originally known as Hase-sensei Sangyo no kai (‘Teacher Hase’s Association of Truth Seeking’).

This group along with hundreds of others has been the result of the need for spiritual fulfillment in Japan and has created hundreds of new spiritual avenues known as Shinshukyo or Shinko Shukyo .

Consequently this spiritual hunger in Japan has been a free for all in producing these pseudo messiah movements. However this influx of self designated messianic enthusiasts should be questioned as to whether these individuals minds and personalities are stable or are they prone to unrealistic religious ideations as having a delusion of grandeur.

This phenomena is noted among psychologists as some individuals are susceptible to religious importance which may be one of the reasons for this psychotic epidemic within Japan. Also I think that one of the causes for this anomaly is due to the explosive expectations for change resulting from world events which has sparked spiritual interests among some of these practitioners who are insecure about their future as needing a sense of hope in the face of the tragedies of life. Favorably speaking there is nothing wrong with this desire for a better future unless it is leading people astray as having misguided spiritual pursuits.

Anyway this situation has produced a number of so called messiahs of our age who are making similar assertions as being the answer towards the salvation of the world. This has led some of these unstable characters to promote violence such as Charles Manson, Jim Jones, David Koresh and apocalyptic leader Shoko Asahara of Aum Shinrikyo while in  others it has been more of a passive or peaceful approach like those who propagate certain mystical rites and teachings such as the divine healing powers of Mokichi Okada founder of  Sekai Kyusei Kyo or the resultant salvific properties of Hase Yoshio who emanates a divine aura of power from his body.

As I muse about all of this it reminds me of the American game show “To Tell the Truth” as stating “will the real messiah please stand up.” Anyway the bible speaks about this matter and forewarns others to beware of these false messiahs in Matthew 24: 23-24

 

23 Then if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Christ(Messiah)!’ or ‘There he is!’ do not believe it. 24 For false christs(messiahs) and false prophets will arise and perform great signs and wonders, so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect.

 

Essentially anybody can make claims to spiritual greatness or enlightenment whether it be the numerous gurus/ swamis of India or these messianic candidates but how do their claims live up to reality in accordance with the expectations of their spiritual leaders? For these individuals to make such exaggerated allegations of spiritual ascendency regarding their subjective religious experiences does not necessitate to prove or promote the essential truthfulness of ultimate reality.

After all are they really making a global impact of brining salvation to the world or are they somehow only affecting a minority of hopefuls? Are they achieving all the benefits by which they have boasted or has it become wishful thinking?

Anyway I previously wrote about Mokichi Okada who claimed that divine light could be channeled to people to heal others through either an upraised cupped hand or an amulet producing spiritual vibrations as to bring balance and harmony to the individual which carries much of the same theme of Hase Yoshio as being able to use his body to direct reiha or spirit waves from the mountain spirit of Mt. Goken which adherents conveniently claim that even after his death he somehow mysteriously became an eternal wave of this spiritual energy.

So apart from your presuppositions or prejudiced views  what is the authenticity or real evidence that underlies the hype of these testimonies or stories? After all in their most absolute sense these movements can’t all be right.

In conclusion these messiahs are numerous much like the kami which makes up the culture of Japanese folklore and superstition and this is something in which I have previously written about regarding the religious fallacy behind this belief system of shintoism.

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/2010/06/15/shintoism/

In closing perhaps you have sensed a nagging in your heart towards the irrationality of these religious assertions and I would simply ask  you to consider being open to looking at the person and work of Jesus whose teachings apparently influenced Hase Yoshio as seen through the common usage of his ideas and terms such as sin, salvation, church,  healing and Messiah. Finally Jesus has made a worldwide and global impact in fulfilling the spiritual needs of people and who will ultimately bring about a new world order of peace in contrast to the chaos of this life and world.

www.cbn.com/700club/features/amazing/

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/my-personal-testimony-with-jesus/

 

Quote of Jesus

 

Matthew 11:28-30

28 Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.”

 

 

 

 

 

How to have a relationship with God

How to know God

Other links

Reiha no Hikari Kyokai Resources

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements with Annotations Including an Introduction to Japanese New Religions at Home and Abroad, copyright 1999 Routledge, Peter B. Clarke, pgs.200-202

 

The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®)
Copyright © 2001 by Crossway,
a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.
All rights reserved.
ESV Text Edition: 2007

Mitake-kyo Resources

Sunday, October 21st, 2012

Four Spiritual Laws

 

Jesus Film

 

New Testament/Bible

 

Audio Bible

Ontakekyo

Sunday, October 21st, 2012

Is a Japanese Shintoist group known as the great mountain sect which  was founded by nature worshipper Shimoyama Osuke. This movement is known for its worship of mountain gods with the chief deity being Ontake Okami or the great kami of Mount Ontake.  I have previously written more about Shintoism in a precious post as handling some of their common views or issues.

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/2010/06/15/shintoism/

This mountain worship sect began by climbing mountains as a spiritual/ religious discipline in which the ascent of Mount Ontake was viewed as a mystical pilgrimage in believing that it produced spiritual strength.

In addition to this ritualistic practice the movement includes folklore beliefs such as the yama no kami descending the mountain to the rice fields in spring. Moreover they incorporate superstitious ceremonies involving chinka-shiki as the rite of pacifying fire and kugatachi-shiki or the rite of sprinkling hot water.

Philosophically their world view can involve a fatalistic or determinist view of life in accepting matters of sadness and trouble as the divine will which ultimately could lead to a form of pessimism. So I am wondering what hope is there for a faithful worshipper or devotee who finds themselves in this state of mind and being?

In conclusion Mitake-kyo is  essentially about nature worship and the sacred recognition of kami which are believed to inhabit this mountainous region known as Ontakesan.

Yet contrary to this view the biblical authors portrays this kind of activity as idolatrous in that these adherents accept and receive these demonic entities while rejecting the Supreme Creator as the true source of heaven and earth of not only the mountains but also of the entire phenomenal and metaphysical universe.

 

Romans 1:18-25

18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth. 19 For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. 20 For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse. 21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools, 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man and birds and animals and creeping things. 24 Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, 25 because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.

 

1 Corinthians 10:19-20

19 What do I imply then? That food offered to idols is anything, or that an idol is anything? 20 No, I imply that what pagans sacrifice they offer to demons and not to God. I do not want you to be participants with demons.

 

1 Corinthians 8:4-6

Therefore, as to the eating of food offered to idols, we know that “an idol has no real existence,and that “there is no God but one.” For although there may be so-called gods in heaven or on earth—as indeed there are many “gods” and many “lords”— yet for us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.

 

In conclusion perhaps there are several reasons why the numbers of this relatively young sect has dwindled to losing about 3/4 of their membership which should be an indication that the reality of such beliefs/practices are not sustainable and are outside of ultimate truth as people are rejecting this world view. In the same way that many of them have moved on to search out other areas of faith then perhaps deep down you have considered doing the same thing yourself and I would like to encourage you that as you seek elsewhere that you would be willing and open to look beyond the spacial boundaries of this geographical landmark or even further than the cultural settings of Japanese religion.

In closing Jesus makes some statements about removing our burdens in that it is through Him that we receive a new nature as He cleans and purifies our hearts in making us acceptable before a holy God transforming our lives to become a virtuous people. He only requires that we trust in Him and by so doing we partake in His rest from the guilt and shame of immorality which convicts our consciousness, reminiscent of God’s impending judgement. Furthermore it is God’s good pleasure and will to bless us with the great fortune of His love which removes sin in giving us new life without the merit or works of having to perform religious ascetics thus resulting in confidence and reassurance for this life and the life to come.

Anyway I am including a post on how to have a relationship with God along with my personal testimony and all that I would simply ask for you to do is to read it carefully and pray to God to know Jesus in a real, dynamic and tangible way. God bless!

 

Matthew 11:28-30

28 Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.”

 

 

How to have a relationship with God

How to know God

Other links

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/my-personal-testimony-with-jesus/

Mitake-kyo Resources

 

Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices/ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, editors; Todd M. Johnson, World Religious Statistics; Donald Wiebe, Introduction-2nd ed., Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.
The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®)
Copyright © 2001 by Crossway,
a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.
All rights reserved.
ESV Text Edition: 2007

Shintoism Resources

Wednesday, October 20th, 2010

Testimony of Japan’s spiritual condition

www.cbn.com/media/player

 

Four Spiritual Laws

 

Jesus Film

 

New Testament/Bible

 

Audio Bible

 

Shintoism

Tuesday, June 15th, 2010

When looking at the religion of Shintoism or Shen-tao/kami no michi which means the “the way of the gods”, “the way of the spirits”, “the way of the kami” it is easy for the contemporary mind to see the mythology of this religious worldview as portrayed in the writings of the Kojiki and Nihongi.

This religion has a polytheistic view which includes a pantheon of gods much like the greek society and yet holds to an animistic belief of eight million million kami which are said to be spirits or gods which inhabit and possess everything from  shrines to swords to everything in-between. This form of animism is a primitive belief system that many of the remote tribal societies have today which through their superstitions have kept them bound in fear.

When looking at these copious amounts of gods and kami’s I’m not for sure how they can accurately account for these numbers especially since the kami should be increasing or multiplying due to ancestral deaths.

Also this religion is not unique or pure as it has borrowed and incorporated syncretistic  elements from both Buddhism and Confucianism which ironically are atheistic in their philosophy. There are also many and varied sects which make up this religious system therefore making it difficult to keep track of or navigate the nuances of belief which has resulted in a lack of uniformity.

Another aspect of Shintoism, which is controversial, was its former practice of emperor worship which was renounced by Hirohito after the downfall of Japan in World War 2. He basically dethroned himself as being any kind of a Demi-god  after his defeat which ultimately proved him to be an impostor concerning his deification.

Is it possible that this wrongful association of divinity that was attributed to the imperial family could be equally applied to the the kami and gods as well who were also conquered as being the creators and protectors of the Japanese people?

Anyway Shintoism has failed to support its truth claims and more than likely the reason why it could no longer be considered a state sponsored religion is because Shintoism couldn’t adapt to explain its defeat to other inferior creatures or cultures therefore destroying the internal structure of its religious agenda. After all was the kami of the West more powerful or was it because the kami of Japan were angry at its devotees and unresponsive therefore not coming to their aid at a critical moment in its history. Maybe it was that these ideas were just man made myths concerning the gods and kami that had been created in the imaginative folklore of religious superstition? In actuality the latter seems to be more of a reasonable explanation which attempted to validate their existence which was ultimately rendered powerless and non-existent due to the kami’s inability to act.

The danger of these tales help depict how that the Japanese people were superior due to the creation of their island and as being direct descendants from the kami. I understand that Japan is a beautiful place and they are an industrious nation but to elevate themselves to being the elite offspring of the kami is egocentric. Its easy to see that there is a much bigger world out there which encompasses the realm of the creation.

I think it is typical for people groups to somehow elevate themselves above others in taking a sense of pride and independency as a special or unique creation.This competitiveness of human nature often takes this kind of prevalent and predominant view among cultures in identifying themselves as the super race.

Unfortunately Japan who had these types of religious ideologies formed an alliance under the tripartite pact with the likes of Mussolini and the evil genius Adolph Hitler who held to this same type of racial elitism. Ironically his philosophy of the Aryan race of white supremacists would be antithetical to its Asian counterpart.

Anyway Hitler’s attempt to proliferate his ideas and take dominion of Europe and perhaps the world resulted from his propaganda campaigns of hatred which brought about a false sense of superiority which ended in all forms of discrimination and prejudice which afflicted others who were under the observation of the Fuhrer’s spectacles as they were viewed as objects of an inferior race.

These atheistic cultures saw mankind as being no different that just another animal and therefore people are reduced to being bags of proteins. This kind of thinking is what has helped to justify some of the horrors that we have seen come out of these Godless societies which has created these mindless genocidal endeavors. After all to those who have taken this evil course of action towards outsiders saw them as no more than lower life forms that are not fit to be classified as human beings. These bigoted cultures fail to recognize the sanctity and value of human life and therefore the labor camps of the Holocaust were no more different to them than the bacterium that was at work in a sewage treatment plant. The final solution towards their actions came from under the influence of Darwinism which supports a view that justifies the survival of the fittest where might makes right.

Japan as apart of this antagonistic regime had taken a position of aggression on Southeast Asia and the Pacific which ultimately failed therefore removing its self acclaimed status of greatness.

This power struggle to establish itself as a world power seems inconsistent with their religious commitment which had portrayed their culture as ethical in being upright in heart, courteous, honest and who were acting as basically good people. Yet their actions speak louder than words as they positioned themselves for domination during World War 2.

4 Today we see evidence of this ethical facade as well due to the moral failures of Japanese culture whether it be the ruling class or the individualism of the rebellious teenager. In Japan there is a rise of anti-social and violent cults along with presence of materialism,drugs and sex slaves which makes it easy to notice that there is something wrong within the so called sacred grounds of Japanese society. Whether it is the cult of  Aum Shinrikyo and their attempts at mass murder or the leftist groups like the Japanese red army and the opposing 1000 or so right wing extremist groups these examples all show the breakdown of Japanese society.

By saying all of this I don’t mean this as an attack on the precious and dear people of Japan but rather these statements serve as a reflection in showing that their cultural  tendencies towards evil is no different than the rest of the world community regardless of their religious intentions. I personally  have enjoyed and loved the people of these asian cultures because of their general warmness but in the final analysis they are people who likewise suffer and struggle under the common human problem of sin which has invaded Japanese culture.

Shintoism has avoided such notions as sin because of its emphasis on the goodness of mankind and yet the evidence shows there’s a lack of support for this claim. Therefore it fails to identify and address the societal evils that is resident even among the land of the shrines. Ironically I do believe that Shintoism does identify at least to some degree a sense of depravity in their society as expressed by the negative prohibitions of the “do not’s” as found in the ten commandments or the ten precepts of Shinto belief.

In conclusion I think that the Japanese society has seen the duplicity of this movement which has left a spiritual void in which the Japanese have been trying to insatiably fill. Its no wonder that this emptiness of religious belief has left them disillusioned and searching for more relevant answers in their quest to find meaning for life. 4 Is it any wonder that every year that there are uprisings of about a 100 new religions?

When looking at this from a biblical perspective their is an association between the new testament text and what we see as a religious phenomena that is underway in Japan. As a part of ancient greek culture the Apostle Paul while visiting Athens saw a plethora of religiosity and gods which resulted in him taking the opportunity to address the Athenians and philosophers on Mars Hill in helping them to solve their religious identity. These Greeks much like the contemporary Japanese were searching for new suggestions or ideas to fit within the religious context of their society and it is within this context that Paul is able to give a defense towards finding a unifying truth behind their religious behavior.

Acts 17:22-31 22 Paul then stood up in the meeting of the Areopagus and said: “Men of Athens! I see that in every way you are very religious. 23 For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: to an unknown god. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you.

24 “The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by hands. 25 And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything, because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything else. 26 From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and he determined the times set for them and the exact places where they should live. 27 God did this so that men would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. 28 ‘For in him we live and move and have our being.’ As some of your own poets have said, ‘We are his offspring.’

29 “Therefore since we are God’s offspring, we should not think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone—an image made by man’s design and skill. 30 In the past God overlooked such ignorance, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent. 31 For he has set a day when he will judge the world with justice by the man he has appointed. He has given proof of this to all men by raising him from the dead.”

This discourse that Paul made is a general summary to resolving the religious questions that these philosophers were wrestling with concerning the sozosha “Creator’’ or sozo no kami “creator God”.

Maybe you like them have wrestled over these very same kind of questions as related to existence and the meaning of your life. Perhaps Shintoism has failed to answer your purpose in life “ikigai” or the  relevant questions that resound within the depths of your soul and I hope that you would prayerfully consider and be open to some things which I would like to share with you from my personal testimony.

How to know God

jesusandjews.com/wordpress/my-personal-testimony-with-jesus/

Before God we have a sense of indebtedness because we are all polluted by sin and need to be washed and cleansed by being purified “harai” through spiritual regeneration which is accomplished as Jesus comes to commune with us by the Holy Spirit.

Jesus can bring about this fellowship in your life as you trust in Him to set you free from this law of sin and death which has separated you from God in giving you the gift of eternal life. This is a gift which can not be earned or merited by human achievement or action because a gift is free.

Finally the makoto or truth reality which goes beyond my propositional claim can be readily identified and attested to by my personal life testimony.

Literally when Jesus came into my life it was like taking a bath on the inside resulting  in a pure heart “kokoro” as now I can approach God.

You might be saying to yourself that you can never accept this premise because you  view Christianity as just a foreign religion and therefore resist anything that smacks of Westernized ideas but in reality Christianity had its origin in the East and unlike Shintoism it has proliferated itself beyond its geographical boundaries as a universal movement. Paradoxically, even though Shintoism has remained predominantly isolated as a movement it still sees a value to the world according to its fifth precept which recognizes a big family concept.

Jesus said in John 3:16,17 16 “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him.

Jesus is for all peoples and this is evidenced even in Japan where there are around 2 million Christians. So don’t allow the confines of culture to dictate your value as based on the religious ideologies  of Shintoism which as you can see has had many shortcomings. Anyway your society has already broke free of the traditional forms of religion just from its flurry of religious activity which has them searching in other arenas for the essentials of life and in turn I would ask you to seriously consider the content of this post and to believe upon Jesus who is the “Son” that is rising over Japan to bring light to every heart by illuminating their souls.

Mt. 11: 28-30: 28 “Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy and my burden is light.”

 

 

Shintoism Resources

Articles on Shintoism

 

 

 

1 The Holy Bible : New International Version. 1996 (electronic ed.) (Ac 17:22–31). Grand Rapids: Zondervan

2 The Holy Bible : New International Version. 1996 (electronic ed.) (Mt 11:28–30). Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

AMG’s World Religions and Cults, AMG Publishers, Chattanooga, Tennessee

4 Extract taken from Operation World, Copyright© 2001 by Patrick Johnstone. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

What’s the Big Deal about Other Religions, Copyright 2008 by John Ankerberg and Dillon Burroughs, Published by Harvest House Publishers, Eugene,OR 97402, www.harvesthousepublishers.com, Used by permission

Handbook of Today’s Religion, Copyright 1983 by Campus Crusade for Christ Inc., Published by Thomas Nelson Publishers

Hume, Robert E., The World’s Living Religions, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, rev. ed., 1959, pp. 172

Smart, Ninian, The Religious Experience of Mankind, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969, pp. 192,193.